龙脑型阴香可蒸生物量预测模型研究

龙脑型阴香（Cinnamomum burmannii chvar. borneol）矮林经营中，企业和农户需预估可蒸 生物量，以便根据加工能力合理安排采收面积。研究以 3~5 年生龙脑型阴香矮林为对象，按照企业收 购标准，统一以 120 cm 为截顶高度、下部枝条全部保留的方法开展采收测定，在同一试验林中，分 别在 3.5 a 生林龄生长期为 1 a 时和 5.5 a 生林龄生长期为 2 a 时测定树高、胸径、冠幅、分枝数和可蒸 生物量 5 个性状。以线性和非线性的方法拟合单株可蒸生物量模型，用 R2、RMSE、AIC、BIC 等指 标评价并筛选出最佳模型，筛选结果是 2 a 生长期最优线性和非线性模型分别 DB=0.625H+0.076HDD， DB=0.091HDD+0.000 017 8HDD2 ，1 a 生长期的分别是 DB=-1.646H-2.734D+4.134C+1.252HD，DB=-1.356 H+0.907H2。4 个模型在实际应用中估算的相对误差分别是 16.680%、14.107%、2.036% 和 20.543%。企业 可依模型估算可蒸生物量，合理安排采收面积。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木幼苗生长发育的影响

【目的】近年来,硅对于的植物影响受到人们广泛关注,人们试图将硅确定为植物生长发育的的“必要元素”。因此如何提高植物对硅的吸收利用来增加植物的农艺性状和产量,是当前农业和林业研究的一个重要课题。【方法】以黄枝杉Cunninghamia lanceolata和罗田垂枝杉C.lanceolata var.luotian为材料,采用盆栽的方式,研究施加不同浓度的纳米SiO2颗粒(0、1、2、4 g/盆)对杉木幼苗光合参数、叶绿素荧光、叶片厚度、氮磷钾含量及其分配、生物量累积的影响。【结果】本研究结果显示,SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木根系的生长发育有很大的促进作用,使之能更好的吸收养分,加强了氮磷钾含量的累积。且叶片的厚度也有所增加,在较低的浓度下,气孔导度、光合作用机制、以及光合作用效率增加;地上的生物量也随着施入SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增加。【结论】我们的实验表明,SiO2纳米颗粒通过促进根系发育加强对营养的吸收和提升叶片厚度,以及提高净光合速率和气孔导度来提高植物的生长机理,进而增加植物的生物量来提升产量。鉴于其对植物生长发育及产量的多种积极影响,硅纳米材料将会为农林植物增产有重要的影响和广阔的前景。     

生物质导热系数测量系统设计

随着不可再生能源的日渐枯竭,生物质能源的研究工作受到越来越多的关注。想要充分了解和利用生物质能源,生物质材料的热物性分析必不可少。其中,导热系数表征就是研究的重点内容之一,设计出可靠便捷的测量系统至关重要。笔者以LabVIEW平台为基础,依靠其强大的测控功能,结合3ω法测量原理及具体的实验步骤,设计出一种固液相样品都适用的导热系数测量系统。实验中测量端的铂丝将产生电信号,经前置放大电路被锁相放大器SR830采集,然后通过GPIB接口卡与PC机通讯。其中,上位机LabVIEW的程控交互界面包括了前期准备、信息记录、数据采集和曲线显示4个部分,为研究人员提供了直观、便捷、高效的实验进程帮助。还从测量对象的性质和实验台搭建过程两个方面,分析了可能存在的误差来源。为了验证该导热系数测量系统的可靠性,对常见的生物质液体,包括存在固液相变化的样品,进行了测量实验。测量值与文献参考值比较显示,系统误差小于5%,说明该测量系统具有较高的可靠性和稳定性。     

Broodstock conditioning of the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata,Lamarck, 1819): influence of different diets

The Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata shows great potential in oyster farming. The conservation of pure populations of this species is important for production diversification and biodiversity preservation. In this way, the zootechnological development for seed hatchery production is extremely important. Broodstock conditioning is a key step in the process of rearing bivalves in a hatchery. Many factors regulate the reproductive cycle, being food one of the most important ones. To evaluate the effect of different diets on C. angulata reproductive performance, broodstock were conditioned with different food regimes formulated fundamentally by flagellates (Diet 1 – Pavlova lutheri and Isochrysis galbana clone T‐ISO; Diet 2 – P. lutheri, T‐ISO and Skeletonema costatum) and constituted fundamentally by diatoms (Diet 3 – S. costatum and Chaetoceros calcitrans; Diet 4 – P. lutheri, S. costatum and C. calcitrans). During conditioning, samples of oysters were collected to evaluate condition index, gonadal development and biochemical composition. At the end of the conditioning period, oysters were induced to spawn to evaluate reproductive output (fecundity, fertilization rate and D‐larvae development). The diets had an impact on the gametogenesis process, energy storage and reproductive output performance, being the best results those obtained in broodstock fed with the diatoms‐predominant diets. However, those fed with diets majority flagellates had an unsuccessful performance. Holistic approaches incorporating all results in this study reveal and reinforce the idea that the diatom species used presented the nutritional requirements to C. angulata broodstock, being essential in the conditioning phase.     

Is it possible to differentiate between environmental and fishery effects on abundance‐biomass variation? A case study of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar

We assessed the potential for simulation and modelling of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) population in the Strait of Gibraltar to discriminate the environmental effects of fishery impacts. A discrete biomass–abundance dynamic model was implemented to obtain a simulated monthly time series of blackspot seabream biomass. On this simulated time series, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were fitted. The best ARIMA fit provided a significant correlation of 0.76 and persistence index higher than 0.85. The proportion of variance non‐explained by the ARIMA models was correlated with a time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The analysis of global, annual and winter correlation between the proportion of variance not explained by the ARIMA models and environmental variables showed that significant associations were not detected over the full time series. Our analysis therefore suggests that overexploitation is the main factor responsible for the commercial depletion of blackspot seabream in the Strait of Gibraltar.     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田土壤活性碳氮动态变化的影响

【目的】土壤微生物量碳氮和水溶性有机碳氮是土壤中最活跃的碳氮组分,是衡量土壤碳氮周转与养分有效性的重要指标。探讨秸秆配施氮肥、氮肥用量及基追比例对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮、水溶性有机碳氮、易氧化有机碳和速效氮的影响,明确秸秆还田条件下水稻生长季不同氮肥用量与基追比的土壤活性碳氮变化特征,为稻麦轮作区秸秆还田的氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】2012—2015年在湖北省荆门市田间试验中设置施氮量、秸秆配施氮肥和施氮时期3个大田试验。施氮量：不施氮（N0）,推荐施氮（165 kg·hm ^-2,N165）,习惯施氮（195 kg·hm ^-2,N195）;秸秆配施氮肥：秸秆移除（CK）,秸秆还田（移栽前将上季小麦秸秆全部还田,S）,秸秆还田+习惯施氮量（SN）,秸秆还田+推荐施氮量（SF）,秸秆还田+推荐施氮量+腐解菌剂（SM）;施氮时期：基施﹕拔节期﹕抽穗期氮肥施用比例为7﹕3﹕0（R1）,5﹕3﹕2（R2）,10﹕0﹕0（R3）。【结果】秸秆还田+习惯施氮量（SN）显著提高了水稻拔节期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）含量,但是其成熟期水溶性有机碳含量（DOC）显著降低。秸秆还田+推荐施氮量（SF）显著提高了水稻拔节期土壤水溶性有机氮含量（DON）。腐解菌剂的施用显著降低了水稻成熟期DON含量,拔节期易氧化有机碳含量（ROC）也显著降低。秸秆还田下增加氮肥用量显著提高了水稻抽穗期和灌浆期土壤速效氮含量（AN）;推荐施氮处理（165 kg N·hm ^-2）的DON和AN含量显著升高;农民习惯施氮处理（195 kg N·hm ^-2）降低了DON和AN含量;增加追施氮肥比例对土壤SMBC和DOC含量无明显影响,但提高了水稻拔节期SMBN和ROC含量。【结论】施氮量及其基追比是影响秸秆还田下稻田土壤活性碳氮含量的主要因素,合理配施氮肥能提高土壤微生物量碳、速效氮及水溶性有机氮等活性碳氮组分含量,增加追肥比例也能提高水稻生育期内土壤活性碳氮含量。     

基于不同人工鱼巢研究黄颡鱼的产卵偏好性

为探索黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)繁殖时期对人工鱼巢的偏好性, 2018年6—7月开展了不同水温条件下黄颡鱼对不同鱼巢颜色和材质产卵偏好性的对比实验。实验用产卵鱼巢为半球形棕榈空鱼巢(直径25 cm,深12 cm);同规格内部放置4～6枚碎石块的棕榈鱼巢和塑料鱼巢;折叠6层尼龙渔网(30cm×40cm)和棕榈片(30cm×40cm)鱼巢,于水泥池(290 cm×120 cm×100 cm)内开展两种温度区间条件下产卵偏好性实验。实验用黄颡鱼亲本雌雄比例为1:1,雌鱼体长(167.8±19.0)mm,体重(99.9±21.7)g;雄鱼体长(235.1±18.8)mm,体重(188.5±38.1)g。结果表明,在24～26℃水环境下,半球形棕色棕榈(无石子)鱼巢内个体平均附卵量为628.49粒/m2,个体单位面积平均附卵率为2.77%;28～32℃水环境下,半球形棕榈(无石子)个体平均附卵量为225.48粒/m2,个体单位面积平均附卵率为1.40%。结果分析发现, 24～26℃是黄颡鱼产卵的最适水温区间;黄颡鱼对棕色鱼巢产卵偏好显著(P0.05),而对灰色、粉色、黄色和绿色无明显偏好;黄颡鱼对半球形棕榈(无石子)鱼巢产卵偏好显著(P0.05),而对其他材质鱼巢的偏好性依次为:半球形棕榈(有石子)平铺棕榈片悬挂棕榈片半球形塑料水泥池。可见,黄颡鱼产卵的最佳偏好为24～26℃水环境下棕色半球形棕榈鱼巢。本研究结果对黄颡鱼的人工繁殖、产沉黏性卵鱼类产卵场的修复和资源增殖有重要的指导意义。     

灌水下限对紫花苜蓿产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】提高华北地区紫花苜蓿水分利用效率,兼顾产量与品质。【方法】于2018年4―9月,在河北涿州中国农业大学教学实验场,以紫花苜蓿品种WL363HQ为试验材料,开展紫花苜蓿田间灌溉试验。试验设置3个灌水处理:W1处理,灌水下限45%FC(田间持水率),灌水上限90%FC;W2处理,灌水下限60%FC,灌水上限90%FC;W3处理,根据当地生产经验定额灌溉为39 mm,研究了不同灌水下限对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和品质的影响。【结果】建植第5年的紫花苜蓿,全生长季需水量511.9 mm。苜蓿细根根系主要分布在0~40 cm土层,0~20 cm土层根系密度最高。灌水对第1、第2茬及全年产量没有显著影响(P>0.05),对第3茬产量有显著影响(P<0.05)。第1、第2、第3茬内采用W1处理苜蓿水分利用效率最高。不同灌水处理对苜蓿粗蛋白量没有显著影响(P>0.05),减少灌水量能增加苜蓿相对饲喂价值。【结论】建议华北地区紫花苜蓿第1、第2、第3茬采用45%FC灌水下限,第4茬采用60%FC灌水下限。